Today, we live in a new, anthropogenic environment that differs signifcantly from the environments to which we have adapted in the course of our evolution. This has signifcant effects on us hu­mans, our health, and our social inter­action. But how does the complex inter­action between humans and the environment work from an evolutionary perspective? How does evolution affect our biology and behavior? What role do genetic and epigenetic aspects play here? And what inflence does this have on the development of diseases such as diabetes mellitus type 2, cardiovascular diseases, allergies, autoimmune dis­eases or mental disorders? The book at­tempts to provide answers to these complex questions and allows an excit­ing evolutionary view of our future with new approaches for individual lifestyle opportunities, but also for future public health measures.