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      • Trusted Partner
        Humanities & Social Sciences
        September 2023

        International law in Europe, 700–1200

        by Jenny Benham

        Was there international law in the Middle Ages? Using treaties as its main source, this book examines the extent to which such a system of rules was known and followed in the period 700 to 1200. It considers how consistently international legal rules were obeyed, whether there was a reliance on justification of action and whether the system had the capacity to resolve disputed questions of fact and law. The book further sheds light on issues such as compliance, enforcement, deterrence, authority and jurisdiction, challenging traditional ideas over their role and function in the history of international law. International law in Europe, 700-1200 will appeal to students and scholars of medieval Europe, international law and its history, as well as those with a more general interest in warfare, diplomacy and international relations.

      • Trusted Partner
        Humanities & Social Sciences
        January 2013

        Crime, Law and Society in the Later Middle Ages

        by Anthony Musson, Edward Powell

        This book provides an accessible collection of translated legal sources through which the exploits of criminals and developments in the English criminal justice system (c.1215-1485) can be studied. Drawing on the wealth of archival material and an array of contemporary literary texts, it guides readers towards an understanding of prevailing notions of law and justice and expectations of the law and legal institutions. Tensions are shown emerging between theoretical ideals of justice and the practical realities of administering the law during an era profoundly affected by periodic bouts of war, political in-fighting, social dislocation and economic disaster. Introductions and notes provide both the specific and wider legal, social and political contexts in addition to offering an overview of the existing secondary literature and historiographical trends. This collection affords a valuable insight into the character of medieval governance as well as revealing the complex nexus of interests, attitudes and relationships prevailing in society during the later Middle Ages.

      • Trusted Partner
        Humanities & Social Sciences
        October 2010

        The Effectiveness of the European Court of Justice

        Why reluctant states comply

        by Diana Panke

        The effectiveness of international law depends upon the willingness of states to comply with its provisions. Despite the current move towards binding international law, every international organisation grapples with serious instances of non-compliance. As a reaction, numerous international courts and arbitration bodies have been strengthened in the last two decades. Unlike their domestic counterparts, international courts cannot rely on the monopoly of legitimate force as a last resort for restoring compliance. This raises the question under which conditions international courts are nevertheless able to promote compliance with international norms - even against the initial will of the affected states. This book looks at the European Court of Justice (ECJ) as an example of a court, which can apply judicial discourses, judgments and sanction-threats to cases in which states are reluctant to comply. Overall, the ECJ is very successful in ending norm violations through its compliance-instruments. However, some cases require up to 17 years or even a threat with sanctions until the effectiveness of European law is restored, while others are settled somewhat faster via judgments, or very quickly through judicial discourses. The book shows that issue-specific variables, such as the nature of the issue, its interpretational scope, its fit to domestic ideas, influence whether one of the three compliance instruments successfully induces compliance - even against the strong initial will of member states. ;

      • Trusted Partner
        2024

        Flashcards for Pharmaceutical SalesAssistants

        200 index cards with typical exam questions and solutionsfor pharmaceutical sales assistants

        by Franziska Steeb

        For prospective pharmaceutical sales assistant professionals! With an exam around the corner, the key question is how to cope with all the content to be learned. Whether for the intermediate or final exam: this flashcard box is the ultimate learning companion for the entire training period. Two hundred flashcards • are colour-coded into the different learning fields of the training course, • summarise the most important learning content, and • are based on real examination tasks. The solutions on the back of the cards can be used to check learning success immediately. Supplementary information from the author contributes to better understanding. Efficient learning in the shortest possible time has never been easier. Nothing stands in the way of a successful career as a pharmaceutical sales assistant!

      • Trusted Partner
        The Arts
        December 2007

        The art of poverty

        Irony and ideal in sixteenth-century beggar imagery

        by Tom Nichols

        The art of poverty is the first book in English to analyse depictions of beggars in sixteenth-century European art. Featuring works from Germany, the Low Countries, Britain, France and Italy, it discusses a diverse body of imagery in many different media, from crude woodcuts to monumental church altarpieces. It develops a striking thesis, arguing that these works largely conformed to two paradoxical, though mutually supportive, representational approaches. The earlier chapters follow the emergence of a trenchantly negative approach in Northern art, in which beggars are shown as vagabonds, whose idleness and thievery threatened the values of sixteenth-century society (especially its growing emphasis on the need to work). In the other predominant visual mode, beggars are exalted as examples of sacred purity. In many Italian religious paintings, beggars are morally exalted with reference to sacred texts, and made formally beautiful with reference to revered artistic models. Though these approaches reflect the impact of religious reform, it is shown that, by the end of the century, they happily co-existed within Protestant and Catholic cultures. The final part of the book is concerned with the issue of artistic style and with the growing tendency of the beggar image to mediate and dissolve the didactic traditions through which it had originally been defined. The art of poverty will be of special interest to scholars and students of Renaissance art history, and its progressive approach and cross-disciplinary theme and perspective will also make it vital reading for those concerned with the development of early modern European culture. ;

      • Trusted Partner
        Children's & YA
        June 2019

        Die Unausstehlichen & ich - Das Leben ist ein Rechenfehler (Band 1)

        by Walder, Vanessa / Korthues, Barbara

        The Unbearables & Me – Life‘s an Error in Calculation (Vol. 1)   A rebellious young girl who has seen it allAn isolated boarding school in the mountains with a dark secret5 particular friends One shared plan to escape …   - A defense apology, written as a report using swear words (crossed out) - absolutely authentic and touching, yet funny! - A first-person narrative in report style about an unusual topic that will get under your skin! - Illustrated in b/w (20%)     Together, we’re unbearable… Eleven-year-old foster kid Enni gets transferred to a secluded, damn boring boarding school and soon stumbles across secrets, involving the entire staff and somehow revolving around twelve-year-old Dante and a long forgotten accident.

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