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April 1999Clothed in Purple Light
Studies in Vergil and in Latin Literature. Including Aspects of Philosophy, Religion, Magic, Judaism, and the New Testament Background
by Brenk, Frederick E.
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March 1998
Relighting the Souls
Studies in Plutarch, in Greek Literature, Religion, and Philosophy, and in the New Testament Background
by Brenk, Frederick E.
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April 2007With Unperfumed Voice
Studies in Plutarch, in Greek Literature, Religion and Philosophy, and in the New Testament Background
by Brenk, Frederick E.
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Literature & Literary StudiesMay 2026Translating hell
Vernacular theology and apocrypha in the medieval North Sea
by Stephen C. E. Hopkins
In the Middle Ages, hell was useful because it was vaguely defined. Canonical scriptures scarcely mention hell, leaving much to the imaginations of early Christians, who used it to sort out who belonged within the faith. This book explores how hell became a place for literary experiments with local challenges in theology and identity. Following the reception and transformations of two popular hell apocrypha, it argues that they served as this role because of their liminal textual authority. As noncanonical scriptures, apocrypha afforded medieval writers space to revise their hells (since they were not actually scripture), while also encouraging readers to revere those experiments as valid (since they seemed like scripture). The book brings together adaptations from early medieval England, Iceland, Ireland, and Wales, placing the early vernacular theologies of the North Sea in comparative conversation.
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